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Francine Shapiro, PhD, is an American psychologist and educator who originated and developed EMDR ('Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing'), a form of psychotherapy for resolving the symptoms of traumatic and other disturbing life experiences.〔Shapiro, F. & Solomon, R. M. (2010). EMDR. In I. Weiner and W.E.Craighead (Eds.). The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (4th edition). Vol. 2 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.〕 In 1987, she made the chance observation that moving her eyes from side to side appeared to reduce the disturbance of negative thoughts and memories. This experience led her to examine this phenomenon more systematically. Working with approximately 70 volunteers, she developed standardized procedures to maximize therapeutic outcomes, conducted additional research and a published randomized controlled study with trauma victims.〔Shapiro, F. (1989). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 199-223.〕 After further research and elaboration of the methodology, she published a textbook in 1995 detailing the eight phases of this form of psychotherapy.〔Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. New York: Guilford Press.〕 EMDR is now recommended as an effective treatment for trauma in numerous international practice guidelines, including those of the American Psychiatric Association and the Department of Defense.〔(Research list )〕 ==Education== Shapiro holds a BA (1968) and MA (1974) in English Literature from Brooklyn College, City University of New York. In 1974, while employed full-time as an English teacher, she enrolled in a PhD program in English Literature at New York University. In 1979, having completed all but her dissertation, she was diagnosed with cancer. Her post-recovery experiences shifted her attention from literature to the effects of stress on the immune system, based on the work of Norman Cousins and others.〔Cousins, N. (1979). Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient: Reflections on healing . NY: Norton〕 Over the next few years she participated in numerous workshops and programs exploring various stress reduction and self-care procedures. During that time, she enrolled in the Professional School of Psychological Studies, San Diego (which was never an accredited school by any recognized agency and is now defunct). 〔California Postsecondary Education Commission (1990). California Colleges and Universities. “Approved: Section 94310.2 of the Education Code permits the Superintendent of Public Instruction to grant approval to those institutions that have been evaluated favorably by the Private Postsecondary Education Division as being consistent with accredited institutions in terms of quality.” (p.286)〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=American Psychological Association ) 〕 Her observations regarding the beneficial effect of eye movements, and the development of procedures to utilize them in clinical practice, became the basis of her dissertation. She received her PhD in 1988, and her thesis was published in the ''Journal of Traumatic Studies'' in 1989,〔 followed by an invited article that was published in the ''Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry''.〔Shapiro, F. (1989). Eye movement desensitization procedure: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 211- 217.〕 She has since devoted herself to the development and research of EMDR therapy,〔Luber, M. & Shapiro, F. (2009). Interview with Francine Shapiro: Future directions for EMDR. Journal of EMDR Science and Practice, 3, 217-31.〕 and founded the EMDR Institute, Inc. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Francine Shapiro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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